Estudio comparativo lesional en judocas de élite / Lessional Comparative Study in Elite Judocas

El Judo es un deporte estático alto y dinánimo bajo, con alto riesgo de colisión corporal y lesional. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la incidencia lesional y comparar los distintos factores de riesgo que pudieran estar implicados. Se estudió a un total de 86 judocas del Equipo Nacional de Judo español (ENJE) durante dos períodos olímpicos: Beijing-Río. Se produjeron 2028 lesiones con mayor frecuencia en miembro inferior, sin diferencias significativas por sexo. Se objetivó mayor incidencia lesional cuando el judoca era tori y durante el momento del entrenamiento. No existen trabajos previos que comparen estos parámetros, por lo que este estudio aporta datos que pueden ser utilizados para prevenir los riesgos de lesión en el judo de alta competición. (AU)

Judo is a high static and low dynamic sport, with a high risk of bodily and injury collision. The objective of this work is to determine the incidence of injury and to compare the different risk factors that may be involved. A total of 86 judokas from the Spanish National Judo Team (ENJE) were studied during two Olympic periods: Beijing-Rio. 2028 injuries occurred more frequently in the lower limb, without significant differences by sex. A higher incidence was observed in tori judoka and during training. No existing work has examined these parameters. The present study provides data that can be used to reduce the risk of injury in elite judokas. (AU)

Naturally occurring neuronal death during the development of the inferior olive in the chick.

Naturally occurring neuronal death was found by in situ labelling of nuclear DNA fragmentation during the development of the chick inferior olive. Counting neuronal perikarya showed an evident loss of cells from embryonic day 18 to hatching. This reduction in neuronal numbers was followed by an increase of similar size from days 1-4 post-hatching. This biphasic evolution of the neuronal numbers is quite similar to that found in the inferior olive of rodents during the first two weeks of the postnatal life, a period also characterized by definitive synaptogenesis between climbing fibers and Pukinje cells in the cerebellum of the rodents. The similarity in the evolution of neuronal number in the inferior olive of both rodents and chicks, seems to indicate that definitive synaptogenesis between climbing fibers and Purkinje cells might occur from embryonic day 18 to postnatal day 3 in the chick cerebellum. Nevertheless, during the phase of cell loss the climbing fibers of chick have attained a more mature developmental stage than those of the rat. This difference suggests that naturally occurring neuronal death may be independent of the elimination of redundant axonic collaterals during the definitive climbing fibers-Purkinje cell synaptogenesis.

Pattern of degeneration of the rat inferior olivary complex after the early postnatal axotomy of the olivocerebellar projection.

Neuronal death of inferior olivary neurons after early axotomy of the olivocerebellar tract was studied in newborn (P1) hemicerebellectomized rats during the first six days after lesion. The degeneration of the inferior olive showed a topographic pattern from one (P2) to six days after axotomy (P7), after which this complex had almost completely disappeared. The first degenerative changes were observed in the principal olive (P2), while the medial accessory olive was the later-degenerated area (P5). The analysis of these degenerative changes provides a reference for future experimental studies. Furthermore, the topographic study of the degenerative process demonstrated that: i) the most vulnerable neurons were dorsolaterally located, whereas the most resistant ones occupied the medial aspect of the inferior olivary complex, ii) the comparison between the topographical arrangement of the inferior olivary neurons according to their birth dates, and the rate of degenerative changes observed after hemicerebellectomy, open the possibility that the neuronal generation date and the response to the axotomy of the inferior olivary neurons could be related.

A fast and easy fluorescent counterstaining method for neuroanatomical studies by using Acridine Orange.

Acridine Orange is commonly used as a fluorescent counterstain in fluorescent tract tracing techniques. Here we describe a method in which the substitution of the standard washing solutions (i.e., 0.9% saline) for a diluted solution of Acridine Orange (0.001%) during the perfusion of the animal before fixation provides a fluorescent counterstaining compatible with Fast Blue fluorescent retrograde labeling. In contrast to other fluorescent counterstaining methods, this procedure minimizes the diminution in the fluorescence of the tracer during the handling of sections.

Morphological evidence for the presence of ipsilateral inferior olivary neurons during postnatal development of the olivocerebellar projection in the rat.

The presence of ipsilateral inferior olivary neurons during postnatal development of the olivocerebellar projection in the rat was investigated by two in vitro axonal tracing methods and by the axotomy of one olivocerebellar tract. The experiments were carried out before (P1), during (P5-P10) and after (P20) the period of multiple innervation of Purkinje cells by climbing fibers. According to present results: (1) ipsilateral inferior olivary neurons are distributed, on all analyzed days, throughout the entire inferior olive; (2) cell counts after axotomy experiments demonstrated that they represent a small population of inferior olivary neurons, whose number oscillated between 271 +/- 30 in young animals (pedunculotomized at P1 and killed at P7) and 26 +/- 12 in older ones (pedunculotomized at P20 and killed at P40). This experiment confirmed that most of these neurons are eliminated during the regressive events that take place during normal development of the olivocerebellar projection; and (3) few ipsilateral inferior olivary neurons, however, survive at P40, but their significance is still unclear.

Left Unilateral Inferior Pedunculotomy Prevents Neuronal Death During Postnatal Development of the Remaining Left Inferior Olivary Complex in the Rat.

Neuronal death in the inferior olivary complex (IOC) was studied in control and unilaterally pedunculotomized newborn rats, from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P30, in order to test whether the approximately two-fold increase in available specific targets (i.e. Purkinje cells) that is theoretically provided by sectioning one inferior cerebellar peduncle to the developing climbing fibres of the remaining IOC could prevent the loss of inferior olivary neurons taking place during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life in the rat. Numerical estimation of the number of inferior olivary neurons in control and experimental rats showed that (i) in pedunculotomized rats, the number of inferior olivary neurons of the remaining inferior olivary complex was always greater than that encountered in control rats, (ii) the consistent decrease in the number of inferior olivary neurons observed in control animals between P2 and P8 was absent in cell counts of the pedunculotomized rats, and (iii) the increase in olivary cell number following the phase of cell decrease was also absent in pedunculotomized rats. It is concluded that the increase of available Purkinje cells during early postnatal development of the olivocerebellar projection prevents neuronal death in the remaining inferior olivary complex following pedunculotomy.